Multilevel converter with reduced AC fault handling rating

ABSTRACT

A multilevel converter converting between AC and DC includes a phase leg having a first and a second phase arm, the first phase arm being connected between a first pole having a first potential and a first AC terminal and the second phase arm being connected between the first AC terminal and a second potential, where the phase arms include half-bridge and full-bridge cells, where each cell includes at least one energy storage element for providing the voltage contribution and cell switching units with cell switches and anti-parallel diodes for controlling the voltage contribution, where the full-bridge cells include a bypass switch controllable to bypass the corresponding energy storage element, and when a phase-to-ground fault occurs the cell switches are blocked and the bypass switches activated with a delay in relation to the blocking.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to multilevel converters. Moreparticularly the present invention relates to a multilevel converterconfigured to convert between alternating current and direct current.

BACKGROUND

Multilevel converters are of interest to use in a number of differentpower transmission environments. They may for instance be used asvoltage source converters in direct current power transmission systemssuch as high voltage direct current (HVDC) and alternating current powertransmission systems, such as flexible alternating current transmissionsystem (FACTS). They may also be used as reactive compensation circuitssuch as Static VAR compensators.

In order to reduce harmonic distortion in the output of power electronicconverters, where the output voltages can assume several discretelevels, so called multilevel converters have been proposed. Inparticular, converters where a number of cascaded converter cells, eachcomprising a number of switching units and an energy storage unit in theform of a DC capacitor have been proposed.

Examples of such converters can be found in Marquardt,'New Concept forhigh voltage-Modular multilevel converter', IEEE 2004, A. Lesnicar, R.Marquardt, “A new modular voltage source inverter topology”, EPE 2003,WO 2010/149200 and WO 2011/124260.

Converter elements or cells in such a converter may for instance be ofthe half-bridge, full-bridge or clamped double cell type. These may beconnected in upper and lower phase arms of a phase leg.

A half-bridge connection in upper and lower arms provides unipolar cellvoltage contributions and offers the simplest structure of the chainlink converter. This type is described by Marquardt,'New Concept forhigh voltage-Modular multilevel converter', IEEE 2004 and A. Lesnicar,R. Marquardt, “A new modular voltage source inverter topology”, EPE2003.

However, there is a problem with the half-bridge topology in that thefault current blocking ability in the case of a DC fault, such as a DCpole-to-pole or a DC pole-to-ground fault, is limited.

One way to address this is through the use of full-bridge cells. This isdescribed in WO 2011/012174. Series connection of full-bridge cellsoffers four quadrant power flows through the energy storage element ofthe cell capacitor as well as DC fault voltage blocking capability byimposing a reverse voltage. However, the use of full-bridge cellsdoubles the number of components compared with a half-bridge cell.

One way to reduce the number of components combined with a retainedfault current limiting ability is through mixing the cells of the half-and full-bridge type. Half of the cells may then be full-bridge cellsused for imposing the reverse voltage due to the rating of the cascadedconverter cells. This is for instance described in WO 2011/042050. Themixing of cells reduces the number of components further while retaininga good fault current limitation ability.

However there is still room for improvement with regard to componentreduction combined with fault current limitation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed towards providing a reduction of theconverter voltage rating required for a phase arm in order to handle ACphase faults.

This object is according to a first aspect achieved through a multilevelconverter configured to convert between alternating current and directcurrent and comprising

a phase leg having a first and a second phase arm, the first phase armbeing connected between a first pole having a first potential and afirst AC terminal (ACA1) and the second phase arm being connectedbetween the first AC terminal and a second potential, and a controlunit,

the phase arms comprising cells of a first type having a unipolarvoltage contribution and cells of a second type having a bipolar voltagecontribution, where each cell comprises at least one energy storageelement for providing the voltage contribution and cell switching unitswith cell switches and anti-parallel diodes for controlling the voltagecontribution, where the cells of the second type in the second phase armeach comprise a bypass switch controllable to bypass the correspondingenergy storage element, and

the control unit is configured to block the cell switches when aphase-to-ground fault occurs and activate the bypass switches with adelay in relation to the blocking.

This object is according to a second aspect achieved through a method ofcontrolling fault handling in a phase leg of a multilevel converterconverting between alternating current and direct current, the phase leghaving a first and a second phase arm, where the first phase arm isconnected between a first pole providing a first potential and a firstAC terminal and the second phase arm is connected between the first ACterminal and a second potential, the phase leg comprising cells of afirst type having a unipolar voltage contribution and cells of a secondtype having a bipolar voltage contribution, where each cell comprises atleast one energy storage element for providing the voltage contributionand switching units comprising cell switches with anti-parallel diodesfor controlling the voltage contribution, wherein the cells of thesecond type in the second phase arm each comprise a bypass switchcontrollable to bypass the corresponding energy storage element, themethod comprising

upon the detection of a phase fault on the AC side of the multilevelconverter,

-   -   blocking (22) cell switches of the cells in the phase leg, and    -   activating (24) the bypass switches to bypass corresponding        energy storage elements, wherein the activating is made with a        delay in relation to the blocking.

The invention has a number of advantages in addition to DC fault currentblocking capability. It reduces the overvoltage experienced by the firstphase arm in case of AC faults. Thereby the converter can be madeconsiderably smaller while still allowing the AC phase faults be handledsafely.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will in the following be described with referencebeing made to the accompanying drawings, where

FIG. 1 schematically shows a cell-based voltage source converterconnected between a pole and ground,

FIG. 2 schematically shows a first variation of a full-bridge cell,

FIG. 3 schematically shows a first variation of a half-bridge cell,

FIG. 4 schematically shows a second variation of a full-bridge cellcomprising a bypass switch,

FIG. 5 schematically shows a second variation of a half-bridge cell,

FIG. 6 schematically shows an asymmetric monopole converter employingthe first and second variations of full-and half-bridge cells,

FIG. 7 schematically shows a control unit of the converter,

FIG. 8 shows an equivalent circuit for a converter with mixed half andfull bridge cells with blocked switches during an AC phase fault in aconnected AC system,

FIG. 9 schematically shows a number of method steps in a method forcontrolling fault handling,

FIG. 10 schematically shows an asymmetric monopole converterconfiguration employing a full-bridge cell with a bypass switchconnected between cell connection terminals,

FIG. 11 schematically shows an asymmetric monopole converterconfiguration that uses a hybrid full-bridge cell with an alternativebypass switch realized using an IGCT,

FIG. 12 schematically shows a variation of an asymmetric monopoleconverter configuration employing a full-bridge cell with a bypassswitch in both upper and lower phase arms,

FIG. 13 schematically shows a variation of the asymmetric monopoleconverter configuration in FIG. 12 employing a hybrid full-bridge cell,and

FIG. 14 shows a flow chart of a number of method steps for injectionreactive power into an AC system in the case of a DC fault.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following, a detailed description of preferred embodiments of theinvention will be given.

FIG. 1 shows one variation of a multilevel converter in the form of acell based voltage source converter 10. The converter operates toconvert between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Theconverter 10 in FIG. 1 comprises a three-phase bridge made up of anumber of phase legs. There are in this case three phase legs. It shouldhowever be realized that as an alternative there may be for instanceonly two phase legs. There is thus a first phase leg PL1, a second phaseleg PL2 and a third phase leg PL3. The phase legs are more particularlyconnected between a first DC pole P1 and ground, where the mid points ofthe phase legs are connected to corresponding alternating currentterminals ACA1, ACB1, ACC1. The current Ia output on the AC terminalACA1 as well as the voltage Va of the AC terminal ACA1 is alsoindicated. A phase leg is in this example divided into two halves, afirst upper half and a second lower half, where such a half is alsotermed a phase arm.

The first DC pole P1 furthermore has a first potential Vp that may bepositive. The first potential is thereby a first DC potential. The firstpole P1 may therefore also be termed a positive pole. The pole mayfurthermore be part of a DC power transmission system such as a HighVoltage Direct Current (HVDC) power transmission system. The ACterminals ACA1, ACB1, ACC1 may in turn be connected to an AC system,such as a flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS), forinstance via a transformer. A phase arm between the first pole P1 and afirst AC terminal ACA1, ACB1 and ACC1 may be termed a first phase arm oran upper phase arm, while a phase arm between the first AC terminal anda second potential, may be termed a second phase arm or a lower phasearm. The second potential Vdn is in this case ground.

As mentioned above, the type of voltage source converter shown in FIG. 1is only one example of a multilevel converter where the invention may beused. It is for instance possible to provide the three phase legs inseries with each other between two poles, where these then make up afirst set of phase legs. It is then possible to provide a second set ofseries-connected phase legs in parallel with the first set. In this casethe midpoints of the phase legs of the first set forms primary ACterminals and the midpoints of the phase legs of the second set formssecondary AC terminals for the three phases.

The phase arms of the voltage source converter 10 in the example in FIG.1 comprise cells. A cell is a unit that may be switched for providing avoltage contribution to the voltage on the corresponding AC terminal. Acell then comprises one or more energy storage elements, for instance inthe form of capacitors, and the cell may be switched to provide avoltage contribution corresponding to the voltage of the energy storageelement or a zero voltage contribution. If more than one energy storageelement is included in a cell it is possible with even further voltagecontributions.

The cells are with advantage connected in series or in cascade in aphase arm.

In the example given in FIG. 1 there are five series-connected orcascaded cells in each phase arm. Thus the upper phase arm of the firstphase leg PL1 includes five cells C1p1, C2p1, C3p1, C4p1 and C5p1, whilethe lower phase arm of the first phase leg PL1 includes five cells C1n1,C2n1, C3n1, C4n1 and C5n1. Across the cells of the upper phase arm thereis a first phase arm voltage Vap and through the upper phase arm thereruns a first phase arm current Iap. As the upper phase arm is connectedto the first pole P1 it may also be considered to be a positive phasearm. Across the cells of the lower phase arm there is a second phase armvoltage Van and through the lower phase arm there runs a second phasearm current Ian. The upper phase arm is furthermore joined to the ACterminal ACA1 via a first or upper arm reactor Laarm1, while the lowerphase arm is joined to the same AC terminal ACA1 via a second or lowerarm reactor Laarm2. In a similar fashion the upper phase arm of thesecond phase leg PL2 includes five cells C1p2, C2p2, C3p2, C4p2 and C5p2while the lower phase arm of the second phase leg PL2 includes fivecells C1n2, C2n2, C3n2, C4n2 and C5n2. Finally the upper phase arm ofthe third phase leg PL3 includes five cells C1p3, C2p3, C3p3, C4p3 andC5p3 while the lower phase arm of the third phase leg PL3 includes fivecells C1n3, C2n3, C3n3, C4n3 and C5n3. The upper phase arms arefurthermore joined to the corresponding AC terminals ACB1 and ACC1 viacorresponding first or upper arm reactors Lbarm1 and Lcarm1,respectively, while the lower phase arms are joined to the same ACterminal ACB1 and ACC1 via corresponding second or lower arm reactorsLbarm2 and Lcarm2, respectively.

The number of cells provided in FIG. 1 is only an example. It thereforehas to be stressed that the number of cells in a phase arm may vary. Itis often favorable to have many more cells in each phase arm, especiallyin HVDC applications. A phase arm may for instance comprise hundreds ofcells. There may however also be fewer.

Control of each cell in a phase arm is normally done through providingthe cell with a control signal directed towards controlling thecontribution of that cell to meeting a reference voltage. The referencevoltage may be provided for obtaining a waveform on the AC terminal of aphase leg, for instance a sine wave. In order to control the cells thereis therefore a control unit 12.

The control unit 12 is provided for controlling all the phase arms ofthe converter. However, in order to simplify the figure only the controlof the upper phase arm of the first phase leg PL is indicated in FIG. 1.

The other phase arms are controlled in a similar manner in order to formoutput waveforms on the three AC terminals AC1, AC2 and AC3.

The control unit 12 may furthermore be used for some dedicated controlwith regard to handling of reactive power injection into the AC systemduring pole faults or with regard to operation at AC phase faults. Thesetwo situations will be described in more detail later.

The voltage source converter depicted in FIG. 1 may be an asymmetricmonopole configuration. The first and second potentials Vdp and Vdn arein this case pole and ground. As an alternative it may be connected in asymmetric monopole configuration. In this case the first and secondpotentials Vdp and Vdn are a positive and a negative potential, wherethe second potential Vdn may be as large as the first potential but withthe opposite polarity. In this case a midpoint between the twopotentials may be grounded. In another variation the voltage sourceconverter may be connected in a symmetric bipole configuration. In thiscase the second potential is again ground. However, there is also asecond pole P2 providing a third potential that is negative and that maybe as large as the first potential but with the opposite polarity. Inthe bipole configuration, there would furthermore be a third and afourth phase arm in the phase leg, where the second and third phase armswould be connected to the second potential, the first phase armconnected between the first positive potential and the second phase armand the fourth phase arm connected between the third negative potentialof the second pole P2 and the third phase arm. A first AC terminal of aphase leg would in the symmetric bipole configuration be providedbetween the first and second phase arms, while a second AC terminal ofthe same phase leg would be provided between the third and fourth phasearms.

In all converter configurations the phase arms are furthermore connectedto the AC terminals via phase reactors.

There are a number of different cell types that can be used in theconverter, such as full-bridge cells and half-bridge cells.

In the phase leg there is a mixture of full-bridge and half-bridgecells. There may as an example be 50% full-bridge cells and 50% halfbridge cells in each phase arm. The mixture of cells may be selectedbased on the desired DC fault current limitation capability.

FIG. 2 shows a first variation of a full-bridge cell FBA that is to beprovided in the upper phase arm of the first phase leg.

The cell FBA is thus a full-bridge converter cell and includes an energystorage element, here in the form of a capacitor C, which is connectedin parallel with a first group of switching units S1 and S2. The energystorage element C provides a voltage Udm, and therefore has a positiveand negative end, where the positive end has a higher potential than thenegative end. The switching units S1 and S2 in the first group areconnected in series with each other, where each switching unit may berealized in the form of a switch that may be an IGBT (Insulated GateBipolar Transistor) transistor together with an anti-parallelunidirectional conducting element. In FIG. 2 the first switching unit S1has a first transistor T1 with a first anti-parallel diode D1. The firstdiode D1 is connected between the emitter and collector of thetransistor T1 and has a direction of conductivity from the emitter tothe collector as well as towards the positive end of the energy storageelement C. The second switching unit S2 has a second transistor T2 witha second anti-parallel diode D2. The second diode D2 is connected in thesame way in relation to the energy storage element C as the first diodeD1, i.e. conducts current towards the positive end of the energy storageelement C. The first switch S1 is furthermore connected to the positiveend of the energy storage element C, while the second switch S2 isconnected to the negative end of the energy storage element C.

There is also a second group of series-connected switching units S3 andS4. This second group of switching units is here connected in parallelwith the first group as well as with the energy storage element C. Thesecond group includes a third switching unit S3, here provided through athird transistor T3 with anti-parallel third diode D3 and a fourthswitching unit S4, here provided through a fourth transistor T4 withanti-parallel fourth diode D4. The fourth switching unit S4 isfurthermore connected to the positive end of the energy storage elementC, while the third switching unit S3 is connected to the negative end ofthe energy storage element C. Both the diodes D3 and D4 furthermore havea current conduction direction towards the positive end of the energystorage element C. The switching units in the second group are thusconnected in series with each other. The switches are here also denotedcell switches.

This full-bridge cell FBA comprises a first cell connection terminalTEFBA1 and a second cell connection terminal TEFB2, each providing aconnection for the cell to the upper phase arm of the first phase leg ofthe voltage source converter. In this full-bridge cell the first cellconnection terminal TEFBA1 more particularly provides a connection fromthe upper phase arm to the junction between the first and the secondswitching units S1 and S2, while the second cell connection terminalTEFBA2 provides a connection between the upper phase arm and aconnection point between the third and fourth switching units S3 and S4.The junction between the first and second switching units S1 and S2 thusprovides one cell connection terminal TEFBA1, while the junction betweenthe third and fourth switching units S3 and S4 provides a second cellconnection terminal TEFBA2. These cell connection terminals TEFBA1 andTEFBA2 thus provide points where the cell FBA can be connected to theupper phase arm of the first phase leg. The first cell connectionterminal TEFBA1 thereby joins the upper phase arm with the connectionpoint or junction between two of the series-connected switching units ofthe first group, here the first and second switching units, while thesecond cell connection terminal TEFBA2 joins the upper phase arm with aconnection point between two of the series connected switching units ofthe second group, here between the third and fourth switching units S3and S4. The first cell connection terminal TEFBA1 furthermore faces thefirst pole and thereby couples the cell to the first pole, while thesecond cell connection terminal TEFBA2 faces the AC terminal of thephase leg and thereby couples the cell to the AC terminal.

The expression couple or coupling is intended to indicate that morecomponents, such as more cells and inductors, may be connected betweenthe pole and the cell, while the expression connect or connecting isintended to indicate a direct connection between two components such astwo cells. There is thus no component in-between two components that areconnected to each other.

FIG. 3 schematically shows a first variation of a half-bridge convertercell HBA that may be used in the upper phase arm of the first phase leg.Also this cell includes an energy storage element, here in the form of acapacitor C, which is connected in parallel with a group of switches.Also this energy storage element C provides a voltage Udm, and thus alsohas a positive and negative end, where the positive end has a higherpotential than the negative end. The switching units in this group areconnected in series with each other. The group here includes a fifth anda sixth switching unit S5 and S6 (shown as dashed boxes), where eachswitching unit S5 and S6 may be realized in the form of a switch thatmay be an IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) transistor togetherwith an anti-parallel unidirectional conduction element, which may be adiode. In FIG. 3 there is therefore a sixth switching unit S6 having asixth transistor T6 with a sixth anti-parallel diode D6, where the diodeD6 has a current conduction direction towards the positive end of theenergy storage element C and a fifth switching unit S5 connected inseries with the sixth switching unit S6 and having a fifth transistor T5with anti-parallel fifth diode D5, where the fifth diode D5 has the samedirection of current conduction as the sixth diode D6. The sixthswitching unit S6 is connected to the positive end of the energy storageelement C, while the fifth switching unit S5 is connected to thenegative end of the energy storage element C.

This first variation of half-bridge cell HBA also comprises a first cellconnection terminal TEHBA1 and a second cell connection terminal TEHBA2,each providing a connection for the cell to the upper phase arm of thefirst phase leg of the voltage source converter. In this firsthalf-bridge cell variation the first cell connection terminal TEHBA1more particularly provides a connection from the upper phase arm to thejunction between the sixth switching unit S6 and the capacitor C, whilethe second cell connection terminal TEHBA2 provides a connection fromthe upper phase arm to the junction between the fifth and sixthswitching units S5 and S6. These cell connection terminals thus providepoints where the cell can be connected to the upper phase arm. Thesecond cell connection terminal TEHBA2 thus joins the phase arm with theconnection point or junction between two of the series-connectedswitching units of the first group, here the fifth and sixth switchingunits S5 and S6, while the first cell connection terminal TEHBA1 joinsthe upper phase arm with a connection point between the sixth switchingunit S6 and the positive end of the capacitor C. Also here the firstcell connection terminal TEHBA1 faces the first pole, while the secondcell connection terminal TEHBA2 faces the AC terminal of the phase leg.

FIG. 4 shows a second variation of full-bridge cell FBB to be used inthe lower phase arm. This second variation of full-bridge cell comprisesthe same elements as the first variation of full-bridge cell. However,it additionally comprises a bypass switch TH.

This second variation of full-bridge cell comprises a first cellconnection terminal TEFBB1 and a second cell connection terminal TEFBB2having the same positions as in the first variation of full-bridge cell.

Furthermore, the first cell connection terminal TEFBB1 provides aconnection from the lower phase arm to the junction between the firstand second switching units S1 and S2, while the second cell connectionterminal TEFBB2 provides a connection from the lower phase arm to thejunction between the third and fourth switching units S3 and S4. In thiscase the first cell connection terminal TEFBB1 faces the AC terminal ofthe phase leg, while the second cell connection terminal TEFBB2 facesthe second potential, i.e. ground.

A bypass switch may be a part of a switching unit used in the control ofthe cell voltage contribution made by the cell. A bypass switch may beprovided as a thyristor switch TH and as an example placed as a part ofthe third switching unit S3 in parallel with the third cell switch ortransistor T3.

The thyristor switch TH furthermore has a current conduction directionthat is the opposite of the current conduction direction of the diode ofthe switching unit in which it is provided. In this case the thyristorswitch TH has a current direction that is opposite to the direction ofthe third diode D3. When it is an additional bypass switch in this way,it furthermore has the same orientation as the cell switch T3.

It should here be realized that as an alternative the thyristor switchTH may be a part of the first switching unit S1. It may therefore beplaced in parallel with the first diode D1 and with an oppositeorientation in relation to this diode.

FIG. 5 shows a second variation of half-bridge cell HBB for connectionin the lower phase arm of the first phase leg. It comprises a group ofswitches comprising a fifth and sixth switching unit S5 and S6 connectedin the same way as the sixth and fifth switches of the first variationof half-bridge cell. However, in this second variation of half-bridgecell the first cell connection terminal TEHBB1 provides a connectionfrom the lower phase arm to the junction between the fifth and sixthswitching units S5 and S6, while the second cell connection terminalTEHBB2 provides a connection from the lower phase arm to the junctionbetween the fifth switching unit S5 and the negative end of thecapacitor C. In this case the first cell connection terminal TEHBB1faces the AC terminal of the phase leg, while the second cell connectionterminal TEHBB2 faces the second potential, i.e. ground.

The half-bridge cell is a first type of cell having unipolar voltagecontribution capability, while the full-bridge cell is a second type ofcell having bipolar voltage contribution capability.

An asymmetric monopole converter with a mixture of full- and half-bridgecells of the first and second variations is schematically shown in FIG.6. As can be seen the converter has the first variation of full- andhalf bridge cells in the upper phase arms and the second variation offull- and half-bridge cells in the lower phase arms. It can also be seenthat the diode of the switching unit that comprises the bypass switchhas an orientation with a current conduction direction towards thesecond potential or ground and that the bypass switch has an oppositeorientation, i.e. directed away from the second potential or ground andtowards the first pole and the first potential.

As can be seen in FIG. 7, the control unit 12 may comprise a conversioncontrol element 14 for providing regular control where an AC voltagewaveform is formed, an AC fault handling element 16 and a pole faulthandling element 18. The control unit 12 is with advantage implementedthrough using a computer with computer program code comprising computerprogram instructions providing the above-mentioned elements.

One problem that may exist in multilevel converters that employfull-bridge cells is that the voltage rating of the converter needs tobe high in order to handle phase faults.

The equivalent circuit of a blocked traditional asymmetric monopoleconverter that uses a mixture of half-bridge and full bridge cells withthree phase legs during an AC phase ground fault is shown in FIG. 8. TheDC side of the converter has two capacitors connected between the poleP1 and ground, each with the voltage Ud. It can here be noted that in asymmetric monopole converter, the midpoint between these capacitorswould be grounded. The converter is traditional in the sense that boththe first and second phase arms of all the phase legs comprise a mixtureof regular full-bridge and half-bridge cells.

The equivalent circuit in FIG. 8 represents the situation when there isan internal phase-to-ground fault, after which blocking of all cellswitches has been made. An internal phase-to-ground-fault is not a faultin the connected AC system but an AC fault in the environment of theconverter, such as in an AC busbar provided in a converter station.

As can be seen in the equivalent circuit in FIG. 8, the upper or firstphase arm of each phase leg comprises a first capacitive branch BR1 inseries with a diode with a direction of current towards the first poleP1. This branch BR1 comprises the sum of the capacitances of the fullbridge cell capacitors in the upper phase arm. There is also a secondcapacitive branch BR2 in series with a diode having a conductiondirection away from the first pole. The second capacitive branch BR2comprises the sum of capacitances of the full bridge cell capacitors inseries with the sum of the capacitances of the half-bridge cellcapacitors in the upper phase arm. The first and second capacitivebranches BR1 and BR2 are connected in parallel with each other. In asimilar manner there is a third capacitive branch BR3 in series with adiode with a direction of current away from ground. This branch BR3comprises the sum of the capacitances of the full bridge cell capacitorsin the lower phase arm. There is also a fourth capacitive branch BR4 inseries with a diode with a conduction direction towards ground. Thefourth capacitive branch BR4 comprises the sum of capacitances of thefull bridge cell capacitors in series with the sum of the capacitancesof the half-bridge cell capacitors in the lower phase arm. The third andfourth capacitive branches BR3 and BR4 are connected in parallel witheach other.

In case of a ground fault on one of the phases, this phase fault groundsthe midpoint of the corresponding phase leg. The two other phase legmidpoints may then be seen as connected to AC voltage sources VAC1 andVAC2 via source impedances, which are typically transformers. Thesevoltages have, because of the transformer, been raised with a value of√{square root over (3)} as compared with before the fault.

This means that the peak voltage of the healthy phases after theconverter transformer becomes±1.732 Ud. At the negative peak ofVAC=−1.732 Ud, this will charge the lower arm full-bridge capacitorsfrom Ud to 1.732 Ud (73% overvoltage), and charge the upper arm (bothhalf and full bridge) capacitors from 2 Ud to 3.732 Ud (87%overvoltage).

There is thus a considerable overvoltage that has to be handled by theconverter.

In asymmetric monopole and symmetric bipole system configurations, theupper converter arm thus faces an over voltage rating of almost 80%-90%when there is an AC converter internal fault. This overvoltage exceedsthe typical blocking voltage of an IGBT.

This situation would typically have to be handled through redundancy,i.e. through using additional cells that are only used for voltagerating purposes.

The size of the converter will thus have to be unnecessarily large inorder to handle the overvoltages caused by this type of fault.

It can be seen that if the third capacitive branch BR3 isshort-circuited, then the overvoltage of the upper or first phase armwould be drastically limited.

This insight has been used for providing a converter design in which theenergy storage elements of all the converter cells of the lower orsecond phase arm are bypassed in case of a phase fault on the AC side ofthe multilevel converter. The bypassing is possible to obtain throughproviding the bypass switch in the full-bridge cells in the second phasearm.

How this may be done will now be described with reference being madealso to FIG. 9, which shows a number of method steps in a method ofcontrolling fault handling.

Most of the time, it is of interest to have a symmetrical celldistribution, i.e. to have the same number of cells of the first andsecond type in the first and second phase arms. In order to obtain abypass of the capacitors of the cells in the second phase arm, thebypass switch is provided in the dual polarity cells in the second phasearm, which dual polarity cells are here the above described full-bridgecells. The second phase arm thus comprises at least some full-bridgecells, where all are provided with a bypass switch that can becontrolled to bypass the cell capacitor. As is indicated in FIG. 8,full-bridge cells in the lower phase arm can charge up to the linevoltage in a negative cycle and cause the overvoltage in the upper armof the converter. In order to avoid the lower arm charging, theinvention proposes a bypassing of full-bridge capacitors.

The operation of the converter is the following. The AC fault handlingelement 16 of the control unit 12 may detect an AC bus fault on the ACside of the converter, step 20, for instance based on measured currentsand/or voltages. This detection may be the detection of an AC fault onany of phases. Therefore, when a converter station internalphase-to-ground fault occurs, all the cell switches are blocked by theAC fault handling element 16 of the control unit 12, step 22.Thereafter, the AC fault handling element 16 ensures that the energystorage elements of the full-bridge cells in the second phase arm arebypassed.

In this case the AC fault handling element 16 of the control unit 12ensures the bypassing through activating the bypass switches to bypasscorresponding energy storage elements when the phase fault occurs on theAC side of the multilevel converter, step 24. The AC fault handlingelement 16 may thus also close the bypass switches. This closing isdelayed in relation to the blocking. The delay may be at least 0.5 ms.The delay may as an alternative be in the range 0.5-2 ms. The closingmay thus take place about 0.5-2 ms after the blocking. The AC faulthandling element 16 of the control unit 12 may thus be configured toswitch on the bypass switch TH of all full-bridge cells in the second orlower phase arm when an AC fault is detected. Furthermore, it ispossible to only bypass some energy storage elements. If for instance anAC fault is detected on one of the AC phases, it may be sufficient tobypass only the full-bridge cells of the lower phase arms connected tothe other AC phases. It is thus possible to leave the phase armconnected to the faulty Ac phase unchanged. The closing of the bypassswitches TH will lead to the short-circuiting of the above-mentionedthird capacitive branch BR3 and thereby the phase arm inductance isconnected to ground. This will in turn lead to a lowering of the ratingof the upper phase arm.

The bypassing of the cell capacitors connected to the healthy AC phasesin relation to an AC fault situation as shown in FIG. 8 is then thefollowing:

At the negative peak of VAC (−1.732 Ud), the low arm diode conducts withhigh surge current. This is the same case as a normal half-bridgeconverter. The surge current creates voltage drops across the sourceimpedance. If it is assumed that Lac, i.e. the inductance associatedwith the AC source VAC1 or VAC2 is approximately equal to Larm, then themidpoint voltage between the upper and lower arms is approximately−0.866Ud. This charges the upper arm (both half and full bridges) capacitorsfrom 2 Ud to 2.866 Ud (43% overvoltage). This overvoltage level is thesame as for a normal half-bridge converter, and will be further reducedif the source impedance Lac is higher than the arm impedance Larm.

It can thus be seen that the overvoltage handled by the upper phase armis considerably reduced. The bypassing may also reduce the currentrating of the diodes in addition to lowering the voltage rating of theupper phase arm.

The bypass switch may have one or more alternative placements in thesecond variation of full-bridge cell.

One alternative placement of the bypass switch is between the two cellconnection terminals with a current conduction direction towards the ACphase terminal of the phase leg. This is schematically shown in FIG. 10.

Another alternative is to combine the bypass switch with a cell switchin a switching unit. A combined cell switch and bypass switch may berealized as an Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT). Also in thiscase the switching unti would comprise an anti-parallel diode. In caseof a fault on an AC phase, the IGCT is then switched on (while the otherswitches are blocked) and thereby the full-bridge capacitor is bypassed.The surge current capability of IGCT is 10 times higher than that ofIGBT. The IGCT also has a stable short circuit failure behavior.

The examples above were all related to asymmetric monopole converters.However, the above described teachings may all be applied also insymmetric bipole converters.

A full-bridge cell is a dual polarity cell having bipolar voltagecontribution capability. It can thus contribute voltages to the phasearm with two different polarities. The various bypass solutionsdescribed above may also be implemented in other types of dual polaritycells having bipolar voltage contributions, such as hybrid full bridgecells, so-called clamped double cells or asymmetric monopole mixedcells. The concept may thus be used for any type of cell having abipolar voltage contribution using at least one energy storage element.

A hybrid full-bridge cell is in the context discussed here defined as afull-bridge cell where one switching unit is replaced by at least oneunidirectional conducting element. A hybrid full-bridge cell in thedefinition used here is in one specific example thus a full-bridge whereone of the switching units is replaced by a diode. Thereby the cell canfurthermore be termed an asymmetric full-bridge cell or an asymmetrichybrid full-bridge cell.

FIG. 11 shows an example of an asymmetric monopole converter with hybridfull-bridge cells using an IGCT as combined cell switch and bypassswitch in the second phase arm.

The principles of the invention are applicable also in symmetricmonopole converters. However, in this case the bypass switches need tobe placed also in the upper phase arm.

It is thus possible to use the second variation of full-bridge cell inthe upper phase arm.

FIG. 12 schematically shows a first phase leg of an asymmetric monopoleconverter with mixed cells. This converter can easily be changed into asymmetric monopole converter through grounding of the capacitor midpointand making the second potential into a negative potential that isopposite to the first potential.

As can be seen in FIG. 12, two variations of the full-bridge cell areprovided; one in the upper phase arm and the other in the lower phasearm. In the lower phase arm the bypass switch is included in the firstswitching unit, while it is provided in the third switching unit in theupper phase arm.

This converter may be operated in the same way as the previouslydescribed converter. In normal operation, i.e. when there are no ACfaults, the bypass switches are open. If an AC phase fault is detected,then all cells are blocked. Thereafter all bypass switches are opened oractivated or all bypass switches connected to the healthy phases areopened or activated with a delay in relation to the blocking.

The additional bypass switches in the upper phase arm will not have anyreal effect on the voltage lowering in asymmetric monopole or symmetricbipole converter configurations.

However, they will have an effect in symmetric monopole converterconfigurations. In these converter configurations, the full-bridge cellswill cause increasing voltage swings on the phase legs connected to thehealthy AC phases in the case of an AC phase fault. When the bypassswitch is used in the whole phase leg, i.e. in both upper and lowerphase arms, these swings are reduced.

As was discussed above, the full-bridge cells may also be hybridfull-bridge cells. FIG. 13 shows one example of a phase leg similar tothe phase leg in FIG. 12, but where the full-bridge cells are hybridfull bridge cells.

The invention according to the previously described aspects has a numberof advantages. It reduces the cost by having 50% full-bridge cells inconverter phase instead of 100% FB arms for DC current fault blockingcapability within the converter. It avoids the extra rating and thusprovides a cost reduction of converter by minimizing the AC fault phaseto ground over rating (from 80% to 40%). It minimizes converter loss byreducing the over voltage rating. At the same time it enables theprovision of full DC fault blocking capability without DC breaker andavoids an extra rating of diodes.

As mentioned earlier, the reason for using full-bridge cells is in orderto limit and sometimes also block fault currents in case of a DC polefault, such as a pole-to-pole fault or a pole-to-ground fault. How thissituation may be handled will now be described with reference also beingmade to FIG. 14, which shows a flow chart of a number of method stepsfor performing reactive power compensation.

When there is a pole-to-ground fault the voltage at the AC terminal of aphase leg can be considered as forming an AC voltage source VAC feedingthe phase leg with an AC voltage. When such a fault occurs, theswitching elements of all the switches may be opened by the pole faulthandling element 18 of the converter control unit 12.

The fault current will, when running towards pole or ground, bypass thecapacitor of any half-bridge cell but run through the capacitor of thefull bridge cells of the corresponding phase arm thereby limiting thefault current.

When there are pole faults on one or more poles of the converter, it mayadditionally be of interest to inject reactive power into the AC systemvia the AC terminals, such as the first AC terminal ACA1 of the firstphase leg PL1. If for instance there is a pole to ground fault on thefirst pole P1, then the lower phase arm may be used for such injection,while the cells in the upper phase arm are being blocked.

If for instance there is a fault on the first pole P1, then the positivepole voltage drops partially or fully depending on the fault impedance,i.e., Vdp=0˜Vfault and Vfault<2 Ud.

When such a fault is detected, step 26, which may be detected by thepole fault handling element 18, all switches in the first phase arm aswell as second phase arm are blocked, step 28. If there are bypassswitches in the converter, these remain switched off, step 30. The polefault handling element 18 may then investigate if the DC fault currenthas reached a current limitation threshold, which may be that a zerocurrent has been reached or that a current level has been reached wherethe operation of the cells is not jeopardized well as if any of thecells have an over voltage. It may keep all switches blocked until thissituation is reached.

If the current limitation threshold level is set to be zero, then thisblocking will result in zero current in all the upper phase arms, i.e.Iap=Ibp=Icp=0. As a result, the DC fault current will also become zero.

When the DC fault current has reached the current limitation thresholdand there is no cell overvoltage, step 32, the pole fault handlingelement 18 may then deblock the cell switches in the second phase arm,step 34. These deblocked cell switches are then controlled by the polefault handling element 18 to deliver or injectreactive power to the ACterminal ACA1, step 36. Reactive power current may then be supplied fromthe second phase arm cells, which would be the lower arm half-bridgecells.

In order to supply reactive power, the lower-arm half bridge cells arethen inserted, under the control of the pole fault handling element 18,in the phase leg to synthesize an AC voltage waveform with a DC voltageoffset, V_(an)=U_(D)+V₁sin (ωt)>0, where the AC output voltage Va=Van.As can be seen the offset may be half the pole voltage 2 Ud.

In this way reactive power is injected to an AC system from anasymmetric monopole system.

If there is a pole fault in a bipole system, the same operation would beapplied. A pole fault on the first pole P1 would result in the same typeof operation described above. In the case of a pole to ground fault onthe second pole P2, then the cells of the third phase arm may be usedfor injecting reactive power, while the cells in the fourth phase armare being blocked.

In case there is a pole-to-pole fault in a symmetric bipole system, thenthe cells of the second and third phase arms may be used for injectingreactive power, while the cells in first and fourth phase arms areblocked.

When there is a mixture of full-bridge cells and half bridge cells in aphase arm, the distribution between them may vary. The percentage offull bridge cells in a phase arm may for instance vary between 20 and100%. As an alternative it may vary between 20 and 50%. 50% is normallythe percentage required for full fault current blocking ability. Ahigher percentage may be wanted if redundancy is an issue, while a lowermay be used if only fault current limitation is desired. The othercells, i.e. the cells that are not full-bridge cells, are furthermorenot necessarily half-bridge cells. They can also be full-bridge cells orclamped double-cells. It is furthermore possible with a differentdistribution of full-bridge cells in the two phase arms. The full-bridgecells may furthermore be provided in other types of converters than theones shown, such as in converters that employ full bridge-cells combinedwith director switches, which director switches operate at a fundamentalfrequency for selectively connecting an AC terminal to a waveformproduced by cells in a phase arm.

From the foregoing discussion it is evident that the present inventioncan be varied in a multitude of ways. It shall consequently be realizedthat the present invention is only to be limited by the followingclaims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A multilevel converter configured toconvert between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) andcomprising: a phase leg having a first and a second phase arm, saidfirst phase arm being connected between a first pole having a firstpotential and a first AC terminal and the second phase arm beingconnected between the first AC terminal and a second potential; and acontrol unit, wherein said phase arms comprise cells of a first typehaving a unipolar voltage contribution and cells of a second type havinga bipolar voltage contribution, where each cell comprises at least oneenergy storage element for providing said voltage contribution and cellswitching units with cell switches and anti-parallel diodes forcontrolling the voltage contribution, where the cells of the second typein the second phase arm each comprise a bypass switch controllable tobypass the corresponding energy storage element, wherein the controlunit is configured to block the cell switches when a phase-to-groundfault occurs and activate the bypass switches with a delay in relationto the blocking, and wherein the control unit is further configured tocontrol, when there is a pole fault on a pole connected to an ACterminal via a phase arm, the cells of another phase arm connectedbetween the AC terminal and ground to synthesize an AC voltage waveformfor injecting reactive power into the AC terminal.
 2. The multilevelconverter according to claim 1, wherein the delay is at least 0.5 ms. 3.The multilevel converter according to claim 2, wherein the delay is inthe range 0.5-2 ms.
 4. The multilevel converter according to claim 3,wherein the bypass switch of a cell of the second type is provided as apart of a switching unit.
 5. The multilevel converter according to claim4, wherein the diode of said switching unit has an orientation with acurrent conduction direction towards the second potential and the bypassswitch has an opposite orientation.
 6. The multilevel converteraccording to claim 5, wherein the bypass switch is a thyristor connectedin parallel with the cell switch.
 7. The multilevel converter accordingto claim 5, wherein the bypass switch is combined with the cell switch.8. The multilevel converter according to claim 4, wherein the bypassswitch is a thyristor connected in parallel with the cell switch.
 9. Themultilevel converter according to claim 4, wherein the bypass switch iscombined with the cell switch.
 10. The multilevel converter according toclaim 1, wherein the cells of the second type in the first phase armalso comprise bypass switches.
 11. The multilevel converter according toclaim 1, wherein the waveform comprises a DC component that has a valuebeing half the pole voltage.
 12. The multilevel converter according toclaim 1, the phase leg further comprising a third phase arm between thesecond potential and a second AC terminal-and a fourth phase arm betweenthe second AC terminal and a second pole, and all the converter cells ofsecond type of the third phase arm comprise a bypass switch controllableto bypass the corresponding energy storage element in case of a phasefault on the AC side of the multilevel converter.
 13. A method ofcontrolling fault handling in a phase leg of a multilevel converterconverting between alternating current and direct current, the phase leghaving a first and a second phase arm, said first phase arm beingconnected between a first pole providing a first potential and a firstAC terminal and the second phase arm being connected between the firstAC terminal and a second potential, said phase leg comprising cells of afirst type having a unipolar voltage contribution and cells of a secondtype having a bipolar voltage contribution, where each cell comprises atleast one energy storage element for providing said voltage contributionand switching units comprising cell switches with anti-parallel diodesfor controlling the voltage contribution, wherein the cells of thesecond type in the second phase arm each comprise a bypass switchcontrollable to bypass the corresponding energy storage element, themethod comprising: upon the detection of a phase fault on the AC side ofthe multilevel converter, blocking cell switches of the cells in thephase leg; and activating the bypass switches to bypass correspondingenergy storage elements, wherein the activating is made with a delay inrelation to the blocking; and detecting a DC fault on a pole connectedto an AC terminal via a phase arm, blocking the cell switches of thecells of the phase leg until a DC fault current is cleared, deblocking,after clearing of a DC fault current, the cells of another phase armconnected between the AC terminal and ground and controlling thedeblocked cells to synthesize an AC voltage waveform for injectingreactive power into the AC terminal.
 14. The method according to claim13, wherein the delay is at least 0.5 ms.
 15. The method according toclaim 14, wherein the delay is in the range 0.2-0.5 ms.
 16. The methodaccording to claim 13, wherein at least one bypass switch is provided asa part of a switching unit.
 17. The method according to claim 13, thephase leg further comprising a third phase arm between a second ACterminal and the second potential and a fourth phase arm between thesecond AC terminal and a second pole, the activating also comprisingactivating the bypass switches of all the second type of cells in thethird phase arm in case of a phase fault on the AC side of themultilevel converter.
 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein thefault occurs on another phase than the phase to which the first ACterminal is connected.